Treatise on the Durese Language

Treatise on the Durese Language, II Edition

By Prof. Vaasai Zhoks and Dr. Cad Trokseg

Foreword by Admiral Moog Jeiks 

 

Foreword

Being one of the first species to achieve spaceflight, the Durese language has become a common language along with Basic as the Duros journeyed farther into the universe. In the shipping and business sectors, knowledge of it is a most valuable asset. This treatise is meant as a guide, so to speak, for those interested in learning more about this ancient tongue, however it should be noted that this is merely a simplification. If one seeks a more complex and immersive dive into Durese, the holobooks Advanced Durese, LXXX Edition or Durese for Bantha-Brains are highly recommended alongside this treatise which explains in simplicity pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammatical structures. The writers, editors, and transcribers wish you great luck with this edition and hope that visions of starlines will fill your eyes.

Duraam taziks ceim kooll.

-Moog Jeiks sooktu zhogaa

 

Phonetics

-Consonants-

	Labial	Alveolar	Postalveolar	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
Stops	b, p	t, d			k, g
Fricatives	ɸ, β	s, z	ʃ, ʒ	ʝ	x		h
Nasal Stops	m	n
Trill						ʀ
Approximant		l			w
Lateral Affricates		ts
Sibilant Affricates		tɬ

-Vowels-

	Front	Back
High	i	u
Near-Close	ɪ	ʊ
Close-mid	e, ø	o
Open-Mid	ɛ	ʌ
Near-Open	æ
Low	a

Diphthongs: [aj]

-Phonotactics-

Coda: [k], [g], [n], [m], [s], [z], [t], [d], [a], [ʌ], [l], [æ], [u], [o], [ɛ], [e], [ø]

 

Pronunciation

Predominantly, many of the consonants in Durese are equivalent to their Basic counterparts, however there are some notable exceptions listed below as well as a transcription of vowel pronunciations.

-Vowels-

a [æ] - "a" as in English apple

aa [a] - "a" as in English father

ai [e] - “ai” as in English rain

e [ɛ] - "e" as in English end

ei [aj] - "ei" as in English time or German mein

i [ɪ] - "i" as in English tin 

o [o] - "o" as in English soda

oo [ø] - "ö" as in German Löwe

u [ʌ] - "u" as in English under

u [ʊ] - “oo” as in English hook

uu [u] - "u" as in English lute

-Consonants-

c [ts] - “ts” as in English pets 

ch [x] - "ch" as in German danach

f [ɸ] - wh as in Māori whakapapa

j [ʝ] - "g" as in Greek γεια 

ll [tɬ] - “ll” as in Icelandic fjall (pronounced like tluh)

zh [ʒ] - "j" as in French jour

r [ʀ] - "r" as in French rendez-vous

sh [ʃ] - “sh” as in English shoreline

V [β] - “v” as in Hopi tsivot

 

Verb Conjugation

 

-Class I Weak Verbs-

 

Stem	dur “to journey”	geillo “to cook”
Past	duroos	geilloos
Present	durog	geillog
Future	dureis	geilleis
Imperative	duraam	geillaam
Gerund	durud	geillud

 

-Class II Strong Verbs-

 

Stem	deltna “to speak”
Past	deltnas
Present	deltnag
Future	deltnais
Imperative	deltnaam
Gerund	deltnad

 

-Class III Strong Verbs-

 

Stem	juksu “to lie”
Past	juksus
Present	juksug
Future	juksis
Imperative	juksum
Gerund	juksud

 

-Class IV Strong Verbs- (-hul Verbs)

 

Stem	sooktuhul
Past	sooktuhulso
Present	sooktuhul
Future	sooktuhulsei
Imperative	sooktuhumlo
Gerund	sooktuhulod

Pronouns

-Personal-

In Durese, pronouns have four possible forms, three which indicate their role in a sentence, and another for possession. To be succinct, the Nominative is the subject, the Accusative is the direct object, and the Dative is the indirect object. 

	1st Person Singular	1st Person Plural	2nd Person Singular	2nd Person Plural	3rd Person Singular	3rd Person Plural
Nominative	vun	cem	lum	jull	vek	zhun
Accusative	vain	ceim	laim	jaill	veik	zhain
Dative	voon	caam	loom	jooll	vaak	zhoon
Genitive	vin	cim	lim	jill	vik	zhin

 

-Demonstrative- 

To say who(-m), the demonstrative is followed by the pronoun or noun of the person or object in question.

	this/that
Nominative	jes
Accusative	jeis
Dative	jaas
Genitive	jis

-Interrogative-

Question words precede the sentence or clause.

Ex: Zhona jes kadog sodoos, stuk?

What is that drink called?

Ex: Vadunwil kektaimu-ruhwon stezhu kadoos, peks stik?

Note: Vadnu = bantha | vadnu + il = vadunwil (ui not allowed in phonotactics)

Where was the Mando’s bantha?

Ex: Lum tizus sehilil lim, durod stuk?

How did you lose your hat?

	What/which	Where?	How?
Nominative	stuk	peks stuk	durod stuk
Accusative	staik	peks staik	durod staik
Dative	stook	peks stook	durod stook
Genitive	stik	peks stik	durod stik

 

Nouns

	Singular	Plural	Dual	Paucal
Nominative	-O	-a	-elt	-ache
Accusative	-ail	-o	-eilt	-oche
Dative	-ool	-ai	-aalt	-aiche
Genitive	-il	-uu	-ilt	-uuche

 

Example: Leivaks

	Singular	Plural	Dual	Paucal
Nominative	Leivaks	Leivaksa	Leivakselt	Leivaksache
Accusative	Leivaksail	Leivakso	Leivakseilt	Leivaksoche
Dative	Leivaksool	Leivksai	Leivaksaalt	Leivaksaiche
Genitive	Leivaksil	Leivaksuu	Leivaksilt	Leivaksuuche

 

Conjugation of 'jos' (indefinite article)

Nominative	jos
Accusative	jais
Dative	juus
Genitive	jas

Misc.

-hul - noun to verb

-ceg - diminutive

-u - one who does

Adpositions

Unlike Galactic Basic, Durese has postpositions, meaning that the adposition follows the noun that they complement rather than in front of the noun. Additionally, nouns take the dative case endings if the postposition implies a static noun and takes the accusative case conjugations if the postposition implies a movement of the noun. 

Syntax

A few rules: Durese is an SVO (Subject, Verb, Object) language, when there are two verbs in a sentence the second verb appears at the end of the clause, and describers of any sort such as adjectives, adverbs, or prepositions follow the noun or verb that they describe. The sample sentences provided below should give direction on how these rules are to be utilized. 

 

NP -> NP AdjP

PP -> NP P

VP -> NP V AdvP NP V

 

Sample Sentences

These examples as follows. The top row is the sentence in the original Durese. Following that is a literal translation with bottom row being a more polished and exact Basic sentence. 

Jozhaam, vun Jal Mes kadog molguu jes Tolli Sierras zaatol vin kadog.

[ʝoʒam vʊn ʝæl mɛs kædog molgu ʝɛs toli sieras zatol vɪn kædog]

Greetings, I Jal Mes to be and demonstrative Tolli Sierras friend-gen my is 

Greetings, I am Jal Mes and this is my friend Tolli Sierras.

 

Zhona jes kadog Leivaksail sodoos.

[ʒona ʝɛs kædog lajvæksel sodøs]

Drink demonstrative to be Leivaks-acc called 

This drink is called Leivaks.

 

Vadnu jos aneik

[βædnʌ ʝos ænajk]

bantha a like

Like a bantha!

 

Vek kadaam truuno naazheiks juus stallud oos.

[βɛk kædam tʀuno naʒajks ʝus stætɬʌd øs]

It To be here letter article recommendation of 

Here is a letter of recommendation.

 

Vun dureis taziks koollazil laim. 

[βʊn dʊʀajs tæzɪks køtɬæzɪl lem]

I travel [future tense] with luck-gen your

I will travel with your luck.

 

Lum deltnaam duro-stezhu

[lʊm dɛltnam dʊʀo stɛʒʌ]

You, speak duro-wanderer 

Speak Duro (Formal Version)

 

Cim geillteinil baizais Hachoks aneik!

[tsɪm gajtɬtajnɪl bezes hæxoks ænajk]

Our kitchen will smell like Hachoks!

 

Lexicon

It should be noted that all verbs are presented in the present tense. 

aajon - (prep) through

adein - (n) sand

adwimil - (n) exile

adwimilu - (n) diaspora 

adwimillul - (v) to be exiled

alol - (n) valley

amaim - (n) rock

amaicmeg - (n) pebble

aneik - (p) like

baanug - (v) to have

baizag - (v) to smell, to reek

beik - (v) to sell

beiku - (n) merchant

beiku zhogaa - (n) manager

bellag - (v) to brew

bellu - (n) brewer

beks - (n) space, void, spiritual plane

beksal - (n) beskar

bis - (n) flea

boos - (n) joy

boozham - (n) engine

boozham zhusu - (n) engineer

bullaceg - (n) share

bullacegu - (n) shareholder

bullag - (v) to trade (stocks)

bullapeks - (n) stock exchange

caadwud - (n) garden, farm

caadwug - (v) to plant, to garden, to farm

caadwu - gardener, farmer

cem - (pro) we

chailgag - (v) to press

chailgad - (n) button

caiswe - (adj) strong

challai - (n) energy

challaiceg - (n) laser

cheim - (n) death

cheimaz - (adj) deadly

cheimhul - (v) to die, to perish

cheimwen - (n) moribund

chillug - (v) to detect

chillaz - (adj) keen, discerning, acute, perceptive

ciitak - (n) horn

choozam - (n) cord

ceidaam - (ph) thank you

ceidog - (v) to thank

ceidwa - (prep) through

ceimpad - (n) tunnel, burrow

ceimpag - (v) to dig, to burrow

cudwos - (adj) filthy

dasil - (n) fern

deltnaceg - (n) comlink

deltnad - (n) speech

deltnag - (v) to speak

deltnu - (n) orator

deigoks - (n) fine powder used in brewing Leivaks

dunu - (v) to sit

dunud - (n) stool

dunwen - (n) chair

durod - (n) journey

durod jooktaaz - (n) adventure

durod kisaz - (n) angular momentum

durog - (v) to travel

dwaicoceg - (n) snicker

dwaicocejul - (v) to jest, to tease

dwaicod - (n) laughter

dwaicog - (v) to laugh

Eihaigol - (n) Iego

einamil - (adj) serendipity  

emwos - (n) screw

faicug - (v) to cheat

faicwaz - (adj) dishonesty

fimei - (n) metal

fodom - (n) tree

fodomceg - (n) bush

fum - (n) berry

gaarocu - (n) internal organ that releases stench to ward off predators

geillog - (v) to cook

geillu - (n) chef

guchaal -  (n) organ

guk - odor, stench

gwez - (adv) also

ha - (prep) in

Hachoks (n) - steak cooked using Suunbaz worm meat and seasoned with zhoguum seeds

hechu - (n) strut, beam, pillar, limb 

heimllu - (n) scavenger 

heimllug - (v) to scavenge

heisom - (n) star system 

heizhu - (n) musician, poet

heizhuguk - (adj) poetic, musical

homwa - (n) albedo

hoolgis - (n) blanket

hoolgishul - (v) to cover

hulag - (v) to embrace

hulaceg - (n) hug

hulad - (n) acceptance

huladwen - (n) exception

ilad - (adj) hungry

Ildon - (n) Iridonia

ilsail - (n) story

ilsaillul - (v) to tell a story

ilsailu - (n) storyteller

ilwanil - (n) harmony

jab - (v) to annoy, to irritate

jabom - (n) mynock

jabud - (n) nuisance

jachas - (n) net

jecool - (n) popular, in demand

jes - (dem) this, that

jeime - (n) sword

jeime challai - (n) lightsaber

jeiras - (n) void 

jiidwas - (n) alcohol, liquer

jiidwasaz - (adj) alcoholic, drunken

jiidwashul - (v) to get drunk

juka (n) independence

jukaguk - (adv) independent, individual

juksug - (v) to lie, to fib

jomni - (n) refresher

jooktaaz - (adj) exciting, lively, festive

jooktad - (n) party

jooktag - (v) to excite

jooktajul - (v) to party

jooktawen - (n) excitement

jos - (art) a

jozhaceg - (n) letter

jozhad - (n) greeting, salutation

jozhag - (v) to greet 

kadog - (v) to be

kaihool - (n) blurgg

Kaito-Nemeidu - (n) Cato Neimoidia

kicocneg - (n) chosen family / close friends

kicon - (n) family 

kiconaz - (adj) familial

kiconwen - (n) lineage

kis - (n) angle

kisaz (adj) angular

kektaim - (n) armor

kektaimhul - (v) to wear armor

kektaimu - (n) warrior

kektaimu ruhwon - (n) Mandalorians

Kektaimwa zhaallumool - (n) Mandalore (archaic)

koollaz - (p) with

Korusam - (n) Coruscant

laazil - (n) clothing

laazillul - (v) to sew

lahaaks - (n) life

lahaakshul - (v) to live

lahaakshulaz - (adj) living

leig - (n) blaster

leinsa - (v) to repair

leinsaaz - (adj) mechanical

leinsai - (n) mechanic

leinsaiwen - (n) mechanism

Leivaks - (n) popular Durese drink

llaaz - (adj) lovely

lleim - (n) cactus

lleimaz - (adj) prickly

llu - (n) lover

llud - (n) love

llug - (v) to love, to adore

lluwen - (n) adoration

Losol - (n) Lothal

lum - (pro) you

Maantujeim - (n) Mandalore (from Mando’a Manda’yaim)

maamad - (n) leaf

meilu - (n) starship

meilom - (n) purgil

meizol - (n) insect monster

molguu - (conj) and

muuzhil - (n) galaxy

muuzhilaz - (adj) galactic

Nabuu - (n) Naboo

naazheiks - (n) letter, document

neidi - (n) brick, stone

neidihul - (v) to construct, to build

neidihulud - (n) construction

neidu - construction worker

neidiwen - (n) building

neidiceg - (n) rubble

neicha - (v) to bring, to deliver

neichad - (n) cargo

nem - (n) tool

nemguk - (adj) useful

nema challai - (n) electronics

nem heizhuguk - (n) musical instrument

nemmucod - (n) wrench

oos - (p) of

peks - (n) place

rapuzha - (n) slang for city based on RPZh abbreviation

ruhwon - (n) society

ruhwonaz - (adj) social

ruhwompeks - (n) city

Ruhwompeks zillasool ha - (n) Cloud City

ruhwompeks zhabaaz (RPZh) - (n) floating city, where duros live now that the Duro is poisoned

sagwag - (n) slug

san - (n) jacket

sehil - (n) hat

seiktad - (n) cleaning

seiktad sodwas - (n) shower

seiktad laazil - (n) laundry

seiktadu - (n) cleaner

seiktag - (v) to clean

seim - (n) star

seim zeisaz- (n) eclipse 

seimailoos - (n) aphelion

seimailste - (n) perhelion

seimllu - (n) star-lover

semni - (n) eye

sinelt - (n) bounty

sinelt triltu - (n) bounty hunter

sooktu - (n) leader

sooktu stoos - (n) chancellor

sooktuhul - v) to lead

sooktuhulod - (n) government

 

sooktuhulod stadaks - (n) republic

Sooktuhulod-stadaks muuzhilaz - (n) The Galactic Republic

sooktu trugu - (n) senator

sooktu zhogaa - (n) Admiral

stadaks - (n) member, piece

stai - (p) after

ste - (prep) around

stezhu - (n) wanderer

stezhuhul - (v) to migrate, to make a pilgrimage

stiis - (pp) across

stom (v) - to worship

stompeks - (n) temple

stoos - (adj) chief, main, especial

stuk - (det) what

sodog - (v) to call, to name, to nominate, to select, to choose

sodud - (n) elector, voter

sollug - (v) to gamble, to take a risk

sollu - (n) gambler

sodwas - (n) water

Subaak - (n) sabacc

Sulust - (n) Sullust

suudwe - (n) root, beginning, prelude

suudweceg - (n) seed

suudwehul - (v) to prelude, to begin

sugwe - (n) cup

suzul - (n) career

taziks - (n) luck

taan - (n/prep) back/behind

taica - (n) credit (money)

taicaapeks - (n) bank 

taicwa - (n) moneymakers

taillol - (n) circle

Tatuuwiin - (n) Tatooine

tein - (n) room

tein teicaa - (n) vault

tenuuz - (adv) rather

tramad - (n) rebellion

tramag - (v) to rebel

triltu - (n) hunter

triltud - (n) quest, pursuit, venture

triltug - (v) to hunt

trood - (n) light

trugug - (v) to deliberate, to decide

trugud - (n) discussion, council, debate

truuno - (adv) here

tuurog - (v) to pack, to arrange

tuurod - (n) arrangement

tuurod taan - (n) backpack

raan - (n) thing

rabuz - (n) group, confederation

Rabuz beikwo - (n) The Trade Federation

Rabuz heisomo-jukaguk - (n) Confederation of Independent Star Systems (CIS)

Rabuceg taicaapeks - (n) The Banking Clan

rabuz taicwa - (n) business

rabuzhul - (v) to coalesce, to combine

rabuzhulaz - (adj) together

Reilos - (n) Ryloth

raabnell - (n) pot, kettle

vaad - (n) spice made from berries

vaas - (adj) low

vabna - (v) to bend, to distort, to alter

vabnad - (n) distortion, alteration, change

vabnai fimei - (n) welder

vadnu - (n) bantha

veichpeks - (n) bed

veich tein - (n) bedroom

veichog - (v) to sleep

ven - (n) surface, plane

vumis - (p) for

vun - (pro) I

vuus - (n) helmat

zaato - (n) friend

zaatooz - (adj) friendly

zaatowen - (n) friendship

zaira - (n) honest person

zairad - (v) to tell the truth

zairaguk - (adj) honesty

zeis - (n) moon

zeisail stai - (adv) soon (lit: "after moon," moon.acc after)

zema - (adv) never, (n) no, (det) not

zhaallum - (n) world, planet 

zhaallumceg - (n) dwarf planet

zhabag - (v) to float, to hover

zhabaaz - (adj) hovering, floating

zhabad - (n) speeder

zhal - (conj) that

zhan - (n) plate

zharod - (n) disease

zharod sodwas - (n) Blue Shadow Virus

zharog - (v) to cough

zhicim - (n) poison

zhicimaz - (adj) poisonous

zhogaa - (adj) high

zhoguum - (n) plant native to Duro

zhona - (n) drink

zhus - (v) to calculate 

zhusud - (n) computer

zhusujul - (v) to program

zhusud stezhuceg - (n) datapad

zhusud stezhud - (n) nav computer

zhuuvez - (n) air, atmosphere, sky

zillas - (n) cloud

zootil - (adj) weird

zud - (v) to teach

zudaz - (adj) instructive, informative

zudu zhogaa - (n) teacher

zudud - (n) information

zuram - (n) mouse